Energy-efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks in IoT applications
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Abstract
Recent developments in low-power communication and signal processing technologies have led to the extensive implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In a WSN environment, cluster formation and Cluster Head (CH) selection consume significant energy. Typically, the CH is chosen probabilistically without considering real-time factors such as the remaining energy, number of clusters, distance, location, and number of functional nodes to boost network lifetime. Different strategies must be incorporated based on real-time issues to design a generic protocol suited for applications such as environmental and health monitoring, animal tracking, and home automation. Elementary protocols such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and centralized LEACH are well proven, but gradually, limitations evolved due to increasing desire and need for proper modification over time. Since the selection of CHs has always been an essential criterion for clustered networks, this paper overviews the modifications in the threshold value of CH selection in the network. With the evolution of bio-inspired algorithms, the CH selection has also been enhanced considering the behavior of the network. This paper briefly describes LEACH-based and bio-inspired protocols, their pros and cons, assumptions, and the criteria for CH selection. Finally, various protocols' performance factors, such as longevity, scalability, and packet delivery ratio, are compared and discussed.
Keywords
Wireless sensor network Clustering Hierarchical routing LEACH protocol Threshold-based cluster head selectionReferences (14)
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Article Metrics
- Published 2025-03-08
- Issue Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Metaversalize
- Section Articles
- Document Type Research Article
- Views 1216
- Downloads 347
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