LMS are platforms that enable educational institutions and teachers to manage, distribute, and track educational content. These systems typically include various tools for uploading educational materials, assessing students, facilitating communication, and managing classes. Advantages of LMS include personalized learning experiences, rapid feedback provision, and enhanced communication between teachers and students [13].

MOOCs refer to free or low-cost online educational courses that are accessible to a large number of students worldwide. MOOCs typically include instructional videos, quizzes, and interactive activities, allowing students to learn at their own pace. This type of education is especially beneficial for individuals who cannot access in-person education due to geographical or financial constraints [14].

VR refers to technologies that create simulated experiences for users. In the educational context, VR can be a powerful tool for experiential learning. For example, students can engage in learning about science, history, or practical skills in virtual environments. This technology allows students to interact with educational topics in a more engaging and immersive manner, reinforcing their skills in simulated conditions [14].

The use of new educational technologies offers numerous benefits for students, teachers, and educational institutions. One of the primary advantages of these technologies is increased access to educational resources. By using online platforms and MOOCs, students can access high-quality educational content from anywhere in the world. This is particularly valuable for individuals living in remote areas or who cannot access in-person education due to financial issues [15]. Additionally, new educational technologies assist in personalizing the learning experience. LMS and analytical tools enable teachers to track student progress and tailor content to meet the specific needs of each student. This type of education allows students to learn at their own pace and focus more on topics they find challenging. Furthermore, the use of new educational technologies can enhance interaction and collaboration in learning environments. Online tools and interactive technologies, such as VR and collaborative platforms, allow students to learn in a group and interactive setting. This interactive learning not only helps students develop their social skills but also creates a more engaging and exciting learning environment [17]. Lastly, new educational technologies can aid in improving students’ digital skills. In today’s world, where technology plays a fundamental role in our daily and professional lives, proficiency in digital skills is essential. By utilizing educational tools and platforms, students will be able to strengthen their information and communication technology skills and become better prepared for the job market. Overall, new educational technologies not only contribute to enhancing the quality of education and learning but also lead to the creation of equal opportunities for all individuals.

New educational technologies have significantly brought about profound changes in the learning and teaching processes. These transformations are particularly important in today’s world, where the pace of technological change is rapid. In this digital age, technology acts as a key factor in shaping educational methods and learning, with its impacts extending beyond merely facilitating access to information. In summary, new educational technologies contribute to improving the quality of education by creating fundamental changes in learning and teaching practices, enabling students and teachers to operate in a dynamic and diverse learning environment. As a result, these technologies not only facilitate learning but also lead to the development of essential skills for success in the modern world. Below are some of the most important developments and the significance of new educational technologies. New technologies have made it easier to access educational resources. Students and teachers can access a wide array of digital resources, including e-books, educational videos, and academic articles. This access can particularly enhance the quality of education in remote and less developed areas. New technologies, such as intelligent learning systems, allow teachers to tailor educational programs based on the individual needs and abilities of each student. This personalization can lead to improved learning outcomes and increased student motivation [18]. Technological tools like online learning platforms and collaborative software enable students to learn in a group and interactive manner. This type of learning can help strengthen students’ social and communication skills [19]. Educational technologies have facilitated remote learning, which became increasingly important during the COVID-19 pandemic. This form of education allows students to access classes and educational resources from anywhere [20]. New educational technologies can collect and analyze data related to student learning. These analyses can help teachers identify students’ strengths and weaknesses and lead to the design of more optimized educational programs.

Traditional assessment refers to conventional methods that primarily include written tests and final examinations. This type of assessment places greater emphasis on students’ memory and cognitive abilities, and results are usually presented in the form of grades and scores. One of the main criticisms of traditional assessment is that it predominantly focuses on information recall and cannot effectively evaluate deep understanding, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills [10].

One prominent disadvantage of traditional assessment is the psychological pressure it exerts on students. Students are often under stress to achieve high scores, which can negatively impact their mental health. Moreover, traditional assessment is typically applied uniformly to all students, making it unable to meet diverse needs and learning styles.

In contrast, modern assessment refers to newer and more effective methods that emphasize continuous evaluation, immediate feedback, and multidimensional approaches. This type of assessment includes practical activities, group projects, and performance-based evaluations, which can contribute to creating a richer learning experience [17]. Modern assessment allows students to showcase their skills in practical and applicable areas.

Advantages of modern assessment include more comprehensive evaluations. These methods can help assess deep understanding, critical thinking, and practical skills of students. Additionally, modern assessment typically provides immediate and continuous feedback to students, which can enhance their learning and progress. Furthermore, this type of assessment can address various needs and learning styles, thereby increasing educational equity.

Traditional assessment methods, which typically involve written tests and final exams, have several notable problems and limitations. One of the primary issues with these methods is the excessive focus on memory and information recall. This type of assessment usually does not allow students to demonstrate their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. In other words, traditional assessment is more concerned with evaluating superficial knowledge rather than deep understanding of the curriculum, which can hinder meaningful and lasting learning [19]. Furthermore, traditional assessment can create significant psychological pressure on students. The stress associated with exams and grading can negatively affect their mental and emotional health, ultimately leading to decreased academic performance. Additionally, these methods are typically applied uniformly to all students, making them unable to address individual needs, learning styles, and varying abilities. Consequently, traditional assessment can be unfair and unjust, resulting in the underachievement of students’ true potential.

The AI is increasingly being employed in the field of assessment and evaluation in education and can help improve the learning process. One of the primary applications of AI is the analysis of data related to student performance. Machine learning algorithms can identify learning patterns and the strengths and weaknesses of each student. This information helps teachers provide personalized educational strategies and enhance the learning experience of students [19]. Moreover, AI can also play a role in creating intelligent and automated tests. These systems can automatically design and assess questions, as well as provide immediate and accurate feedback to students. This type of assessment helps students gain a better understanding of their strengths and weaknesses and fosters continuous improvement in their learning. Additionally, the use of AI in assessment can reduce teachers’ workloads, allowing more time for teaching and interaction with students.

The AI is recognized in the Iranian educational system as an effective tool for improving the assessment and evaluation process. Given the advancements in technology and increased access to educational data, AI can assist in accurately analyzing student performance. This technology uses machine learning algorithms to identify learning patterns and the strengths and weaknesses of students, enabling teachers to design more tailored educational programs. In addition to data analysis, AI can play a significant role in the design and evaluation of tests. AI systems can automatically generate and assess test questions and provide immediate feedback to students. This type of assessment helps enhance the learning process, increase student motivation, and also reduce teachers’ workloads. However, the implementation of AI in assessment also comes with challenges. Issues such as lack of access to adequate infrastructure, limited financial resources, and concerns regarding data privacy are among the existing barriers. Effective utilization of this technology requires investment and attention to these challenges.

Concerns regarding educational equity and the unequal impacts of technology on various student groups have become a key issue in the field of education. In today’s world, innovative technologies such as AI, online learning, and digital tools are increasingly integrated into the learning process. However, these technologies may exacerbate educational inequalities, particularly in communities where access to these technologies is disparate. A study conducted by Van Deursen and Van Dijk [27] on the digital divide indicates that students in low-income areas may have limited access to educational technologies. This study emphasizes that inequality in access to high-speed internet and digital equipment can lead to reduced learning opportunities for students in these regions. In other words, this digital divide can perpetuate the cycle of poverty and social inequalities. Furthermore, Warschauer [28] examined how digital skills affect students’ learning experiences in his research. He emphasizes that students with stronger digital skills are more capable of leveraging online educational resources and learning tools. This situation can exacerbate educational inequalities, as students who lack access to these skills for social or economic reasons may fall behind in their learning process. On the other hand, Selwyn [29] also addressed the social and cultural impacts of technology on education, stating that educational technologies may reinforce existing inequalities within the educational system. He argues that without attention to social and economic disparities, technology can become a tool for reproducing educational inequalities. Ultimately, these studies demonstrate that to achieve educational equity and reduce technology-induced inequalities, policymakers and educational institutions must seriously address these issues and provide solutions to enhance access to technology and digital skills education for all students.

With advancements in AI and educational technologies, further transformations in learning and classroom assessment are anticipated. The development of intelligent tools, increased access to educational resources, and improved assessment methods are among the factors that can contribute to creating a dynamic and flexible educational system. Ultimately, AI and innovative educational technologies not only enhance the learning and assessment process but also present challenges that require careful attention and planning by policymakers and education professionals.

AI is rapidly transforming educational systems and assessment methods, and it is expected to play a deeper role in personalized learning, intelligent evaluation, and global access to education. Intelligent systems will design educational programs flexibly and adaptively by analyzing real-time data on student behavior and progress. These adaptive learning systems will tailor content and teaching methods according to each individual’s learning style, pace, and interests. In the future, traditional testing will be replaced by continuous and indirect assessments. AI will evaluate students’ performance by analyzing daily activities such as problem-solving and participation in discussions, providing immediate feedback. AI-based virtual assistants will act as personal tutors, answering students’ questions at any time. These assistants can explain course topics and review exercises. The integration of AI with virtual and AR technologies will create more interactive and engaging learning environments, allowing students to learn abstract concepts in an experiential and three-dimensional manner. AI will also identify cheating in online assessments through facial recognition and behavior analysis, detecting unusual patterns in students’ responses or behaviors. Furthermore, AI can help reduce educational gaps by providing quality, low-cost education to underserved areas. AI-based learning platforms will be translated into multiple languages and adapted for students with special needs. For teachers, AI offers powerful analytical tools to assess classroom performance and design more effective teaching methods. Ultimately, AI is not only a tool for educational efficiency but can also democratize learning, making it more engaging and tailored to individual needs. The success of this technology hinges on addressing challenges such as privacy, educational equity, and the intelligent integration of teachers’ roles. The combination of AI and human creativity can steer the educational system toward enabling every student to reach their maximum potential.

One of the most challenging research areas is the examination of ethical issues and privacy in AI-based educational systems. Future research could analyze the challenges associated with the collection and use of sensitive student data. Additionally, designing comprehensive regulatory frameworks to ensure data security and address the concerns of educational stakeholders is a critical priority in this field. These studies could help establish ethical standards for the development and implementation of AI in educational environments. Research on optimal methods for integrating AI with traditional teaching practices is of particular importance. These studies could explore the changing role of teachers from knowledge transmitters to facilitators of the learning process. Furthermore, designing and evaluating hybrid educational models where AI and human teachers work in harmony could lead to the optimization of the learning-teaching process. Such research could provide practical solutions for effective collaboration between humans and machines in educational settings.

Future research in the development of intelligent assessment systems could focus on enhancing the accuracy and validity of AI-based evaluations. These studies could compare traditional and intelligent systems in terms of efficiency and equity, and propose innovative methods for assessing higher-order cognitive skills. Additionally, designing adaptive assessments that can dynamically adjust to students’ learning levels is another critical research avenue in this area.

Research on the applications of AI in the education of students with special needs is a promising research area. These studies could focus on the development of intelligent tools for identifying and supporting students with learning disabilities. Furthermore, examining the impact of intelligent technologies on the learning of this group of students and designing inclusive educational systems are other vital aspects of this research. Such investigations could help create equal educational opportunities for all students.

Investigating the educational needs of teachers working with intelligent systems is among the important research priorities. This research could focus on designing teacher training programs that emphasize modern educational technologies. Additionally, studying the changing role of teachers in intelligent educational environments and providing strategies for empowering them to use these technologies effectively are other crucial aspects of this research. These studies could help establish a proper balance between technology and the human role of teachers in the educational process.